geopolitics essays

geopolitics articles Geopolitics is the applied investigation of the connections of land space to legislative issues. Geopolitics, in this way, worried about the proportional effect of spatial examples, highlights, and structures and political thoughts, organizations, and exchanges. The term 'Geopolitics' has initially concocted, in 1899, by a Swedish political researcher, Rudolf Kjellen and its unique importance is to mean a general worry with geology and legislative issues. Be that as it may, characterizing the idea of 'geopolitics' itself is an impressively troublesome errand since meaning of geopolitics tends to changes as recorded timeframes and structures of world request change. Along these lines, there have been various methods of deciphering the term and contentions on them all through the history. In this exposition, I expect to inspect how geopolitics has affected on universal relations and how it has developed utilizing notable geopoliticians' speculations in a sequential request: Imperialist , Cold War, and New World Order. In mid twentieth century, geopolitics was a type of intensity or information worried about advancing states expansionism and making sure about domains. It was a period portrayed by pilgrim expansionism abroad and mechanical modernization at home. This is additionally when regular incomparability of a specific race or the state has extensively won. The most generally and geologically destined colonialist competition of the period was that of between British Empire and the rising majestic desires of the German state in Europe. So as to explore the geopolitical pressure between them, the geopolitical compositions of the British geographer Halford Mackinder and of the German geopolitician Karl Haushofer must be completely inspected. Likewise, it is additionally expected to inspect the perspective on the far side over the Atlantic, the United States that rose as a noteworthy player on world's stage later on. Above all else, the beginning stage for practically all conversations of geopolit... <!

Important step for starting company Essay

NAME: SUNEET KAUR To begin a New Business or Project is extremely energizing no uncertainty however the difficulties to get into the framework is very heart rendering. Something very similar transpired, when I took upon myself an assignment to build up a Soft Product Development framework whereby I required office space, frameworks, programming advancement group, power back and various little exercises, and normally all these requires spending plan, as I truly didn’t had any fund available to me. To over come this issue, the preeminent thing I expected to do was chalk out Business Plan for myself, as it is the premier activity. It is an essential to not just characterize all the Propositions for your field-tested strategies yet in addition to evaluate your spending plan and chalk out the wellspring of financing. Monetary PLANNING To back my undertaking, I showed upon drive the assignment of assessing the money related arranging, which included beginning appraisal of asset prerequisites, related costs, income, distinguishing working expenses and to get ready budgetary plans. It additionally included income to guarantee that there are no holes among salary and consumption, examining breakeven levels and estimating benefits. Making arrangements for SOURCE OF REVENUE To discover the source that can truly fund your business and satisfy your fantasies, set up a very much arranged Budget including all your common cost that will go into a Cost Center like Income or worth going into the Cost Center, Cost of Office Space just as framework, Wages or Salaries of the representatives, Cost of intensity back up and correspondence frameworks, Cost of incidental exercises and so on. In the wake of graphing the business and Budget plan, I set upon the assignment to look through the wellspring of financing not just for the beginning up of the business yet in addition growing the business, and this wellspring of subsidizing is a spine of your organization. Wellspring OF FUNDING The acquiring relies upon number of variables like motivation behind assets, your obtaining necessity, reimbursement period, the accessibility of security or guarantee and so forth. Investors will never loan against the full value estimation of property, the accessibility of the advance will be restricted by the value or lingering estimation of property. Every one of these focuses check on the off chance that you plan to look for the wellspring of subsidizing. There are a few hotspots for financing, and for me I began with: Present moment AND MEDIUM TERM BANK LOAN I willingly volunteered to get the present moment and medium term bank advance. For the reimbursement of this advance it took me two to five years. For whole of $5000, the security is required as private or organization property, fixed or gliding charge over the books obligations and resources of the business. Intrigue is fixed at between 2 percent and 5 percent over the base rate at the time the advance was taken out. Game plan expense is likewise charged on new advances. This advance framework was most appropriate for me as the pace of intrigue is simply fixed for 2 to five percent. It is progressively profitable then different credits since security required is extremely less. BUSINESS ANGELS Business Angels puts resources into new and creating endeavors. They, as opposed to go into business, put resources into somebody else’s Investment recommendations and activities. Those organizations who have gifted and in fact qualified individuals, undertaking, capital and expertise gives a more prominent opportunity to prevail with financing from business Angels. There is a site called as a Business Angels Pty. Ltd. Who give the office to meeting the two blessed messengers and imminent Entrepreneurs. The necessities of the business are coordinated with the angels’ rules. There are heaps of different wellsprings of financing too like Long term credits from banks, Share Capital from private Investors, Debentures and so on, Mortgage debentures, Commercial home loans and so on yet the arrangement of Business Angels are ideal if beginning a New Company since it relies upon the dealings between the two gatherings.

WAL-MART AND BHARTI TRANSFORMING RETAIL IN INDIA Essay Example

WAL-MART AND BHARTI: TRANSFORMING RETAIL IN INDIA Paper WAL-MART AND BHARTI: TRANSFORMING RETAIL IN INDIA BY - roni2208 WAL-MART AND BHARTI: TRANSFORMING RETAIL IN INDIA This report examinations and assesses the circumstance of the retailer Wal-Mart in the Indian business. About to start making a JV with the organization Bharti, Wal-Mart needs to determine various difficulties, extend from the social contrasts to issues with its gracefully chain to reinforce its intensity, gain client steadfastness and turning into the go-to put. The Indian Retail Market The competiveness of the Indian retail part will be assessed, by applying the Porters 5 powers model. Danger of Entry Due to the serious weights of new participants joined with severe laws and guidelines on FDI, this risk is considered as center. The way that the developing Indian retail division is positioned among the most encouraging areas, the benefit of being the primary mover is fundamental so as to increase upper hand. Danger of Substitutes Considered as center, the risk of substitutes don't rule the competiveness of the retail business, because of the developing populace, who need to purchase their food supplies at certain spots at any rate, which they requirement for their day by day life. By and by the entality is changing from Save and Buy to Buy and Pay, there are as yet value delicate Indians. Purchaser power Regarding the Indian market, which is primarily ruled by chaotic retail, joined with the weight on low edges, the bartering intensity of purchasers is high. Anyway Wal-Mart is known for its EDLP suggestion which is fundamental to meet the Indian client needs, who are faithful to the most minimal cost. We will compose a custom article test on WAL-MART AND BHARTI: TRANSFORMING RETAIL IN INDIA explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on WAL-MART AND BHARTI: TRANSFORMING RETAIL IN INDIA explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on WAL-MART AND BHARTI: TRANSFORMING RETAIL IN INDIA explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Provider power The frail gracefully chain the board, which is fairly considered as the fundamental factor of the low dealing intensity of providers, depends on a poor foundation, which can ause delays in transportation. Contention between contenders This power is considered to have the primary effect on the business and is along these lines exceptionally high. The JV is confronting rivalry from one viewpoint from its primary rivals; then again from the commanding disorderly retail locations. All in all the Indian retail industry is considered as profoundly serious, where it is hard to support through a minimal effort procedure. Anyway low costs joined with a separation methodology would be the key factor so as to stand apart from the contenders and to increase upper hand. Wal-Mart Wal-Marts center asset and fitness is serving its clients with EDLP. Because of this important methodology, Wal-Mart is getting a charge out of the cost-administration and is accordingly showcase pioneer In tne gloDal retall Inaustry. Wal-Mart estaDllsnea a nearby relatlonsnlp with its providers to deal costs to bring down its own costs and to compel its rivals to do as such also. In addition its principle methodology is joined by its utilization, which frames the core of its business. Utilizing innovation upgrades arranging and fortifies tasks to improve the flexibly chain, which is expensive and troublesome o mirror. In light of its EDLP Strategy, which requires productive procedures, Wal-Mart stands apart from its rivals and is appreciating continued upper hand. Wal-Mart Bharti Joint-adventure Regarding the future endeavor of Bharti, Wal-Mart should manage various difficulties extend from exacting laws and guidelines to social contrasts. The SWOT investigation underneath will assess how well Bharti will fit into Wal-Marts working arrangement. Qualities Bharti has developed the most recent couple of years by building worldwide organization. Its high nearness n India joined with its profound information on the developing shopper market can assist with expanding WalMarts retail ability. It has constructed a tremendous system of providers and colleagues which will be valuable for the JV. Shortcomings Compared to Wal-Mart Bharti is a little organization, which could prompt an irregularity of intensity. Additionally its involvement with retail is exceptionally constrained. The JV will require a great deal of co-working and culturally diverse administration. Openings The change from a S to B mindset, went with an improvement of the everyday environments let the Indian retail showcase blast. Besides the developing number of working youth and ladies prompts expanded purchaser spending and buying power. Anyway Indian customers despite everything append significance to bring down costs. 2 Threats Wal-Marts poor social picture just as the severe work laws and guidelines on FDI can be not kidding issues. The poor framework will cause a great deal of issues, while actualizing WalMarts effective flexibly chain. In addition previously settled retail organizations and new contestants will make it increasingly hard for the JVto continue in this exceptionally serious industry. Suggestion Based on the broke down realities, I found two primary choices open to the JV: Whether entering the Indian market or not. Not entering the Indian market is Justified by the tremendous number of dangers and shortcomings in the retail business. This choice would incorporate staying away from organizations inside India and helping out an organization that has more skill in retail. There are different markets with less guidelines and clients who are as yet requesting low costs. Entering the Indian market will be an unsafe and expensive methodology. So as to succeed WalMart needs to concentrate on its center abilities just as on contrasts in onsumer conduct. Next to the low-value procedure, shopper requests an ideal value quality proportion. Accordingly Wal-Mart needs to rethink its present technique by centering n OITTerentlatlon ana Keeping low prlces. conslaeraDle sums 0T cash will oe important to put resources into the poor framework so as to execute its adequate flexibly chain. Because of the huge significance of regarding the Indian culture, Wal-Mart needs to build up social activities by actualizing CSR. From one viewpoint Wal-Mart ought to alter its gracefully chain towards a situation neighborly anagement; then again a positive relationship with the network is essential, by utilizing nearby makers and invigorating the nearby economies. CSR can improve the notoriety of the organization immensely. A high notoriety joined with the adequate flexibly chain and a good value quality proportion, can push the JV ahead. Taking everything into account, I would prescribe Wal-Mart to enter the Indian market, while improving its center abilities and executing CSR, which are making a continued upper hand and in this manner prompts a reinforced intensity. 3

Understanding Alzheimer How We Can Achieve Quality Care For Patients - 550 Words

Understanding Alzheimer: How We Can Achieve Quality Care For Patients (Essay Sample) Content: Student’s Name Professor Course Date Caring for the Alzheimer’s patients What is Alzheimer Disease? Alzheimer’s disease is a form of a neurological disorder that affects the brain cells responsible for causing memory loss or decline (Baddeley et al. 2522-2524). The disease begins with mild symptoms that worsen with time, destroying a victim’s memory among other vital function. Alzheimer is the most common causes of dementia. The decline in social functioning makes a victim have a difficult time when interacting with other people. How it affects the brain and body functioning? The part of the brain affected by the condition is the hippocampus, responsible for keeping memories (Sze et al. 933-935). Damaging this part of the brain further causes problems in language and behavior. When a person suffers from this disease, it changes the way in which activities like walking and talking are conducted. Necessary requirements of care program e.g., Emotional support and medication Alzheimer’s care program emphasizes on among other requirements, the need to have a good medical and care program. Emotional support is best provided through facilities such as the adult day centers. During the sessions, the focus can be placed on activities that promote social, physical and intellectual functioning. Medication like sleeping pills and tranquilizers are good in preventing agitation and sleeplessness. Besides, it is necessary to focus on cholinesterase drugs that have inhibitors that slow the progression of the condition (Birks 43). More research is being done to come up with medications that prevent the Amyloid build up in the brain as well as developing alternative therapies such as herbal extracts, Vitamin E and Selenium. Current state of care for Alzheimer’s patients The number of people who have Alzheimer is increasing and an alarming rate. In America, it is estimated that approximately 6 million people have the disease. 10% of the people above the age of 65 years are reported to have Alzheimer (Ernst & Joel 1264). The increasing number of patients has resulted in the citizens questioning the effectiveness of the care given as well as the measures in place to prevent the disease. The government is, however, channeling resources into medication, researches, and training more professional to alleviate the situation. Formulation of possible solutions The formulation of possible solutions ought to be guided by the manner in which the brain functions and a deep analysis of the effects of the disease on the functioning of the brain. The discovery of the brain imaging techniques should be incorporated in finding solutions to the medical condition. Brain imaging knowledge is currently being applied in studying Alzheimer in Sweden. Doctors use the technique to confirm the presence and the position of the amyloid proteins in a patient’s brains for early diagnosis. Coming up with possible sol utions also go hand ...

Analysis Of Forster s Howard s End - 2000 Words

Forster’s Howard’s End is in both content and form a novel of movement, instability and flux. This is fundamentally due to the era in which it has been crafted, as British society and its literary conventions were both radically revolutionising. Traditional Edwardian values of class, family and property were thrown into chaos and emerging existential preoccupations that would eventually be deemed ‘Modernist’ gained prevalence. Fundamentally, either to deem Howard’s End an obviously modernist text or one grappling with modernist issues in Edwardian style would be gross oversimplification, belittling of the subtlety of Forster’s ingenious craft. Instead, he practises what Harrington Weihl calls ‘limited modernism’, in careful consideration of the fragile liminal disposition of his readership. The novel fundamentally aims to depict the effect of conflicting societal values and cultural shifts, while its form seeks to reconcile narra tive’s past with its inevitable future, tentatively innovating whilst still referencing traditional technique. It is this considerate amalgamation of content and form that makes it a text so exemplary of its unique era as well as in its own right. The sense of flux, conflict and coalescence in form is gauged within the novels first pages. A very traditional epistolary style is adopted only to be overtly abandoned in six pages, calling into question Forster’s position on modern literary techniques from the outset. It is said Forster was alreadyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Forster s Howards End Contracts On Relationships And Gender Roles2604 Words   |  11 PagesE.M. Forster’s novel Howards End deals heavily with relationships and gender roles. It is implied that the characters spends a majority of the story trying to find common ground in an uneven society. The issues of that period’s society, such as class, gender, race, etc., by examining the relationships between the characters. Particularly, the majority women in the novel- Ruth Wilcox, Margaret Schlegel, and Jacky Bast can be analyzed in terms of their relationship with one central male character.Read MoreThe Great Deal On Personal Relationships Ess ay1421 Words   |  6 Pages - E. M. Forster, Two Cheers For Democracy In his works, notably Howards End, E.M. Forster focuses a great deal on personal relationships as the basis of connecting with others. Forster is passionately interested in human nature and private life. In his exploration it is only logical to think that he pondered the significance of personal relationships. The well know epigraph of â€Å"only connect† comes from Howards End spoken by Margaret revealing her belief thatRead MoreIs Maurice a Hopelessly Flawed Text?3912 Words   |  16 Pagesadaptation of the novel form to the subject matter and a strong intervention in debates of the time? E.M Forster dedicated his novel â€Å"Maurice† to a â€Å"happier year†, affirming his intention of the novel’s purpose as an insight into the future evolution of sexual desire and relationships, leading some to attach significance to the text as a protagonist of controversial debate of the time . Forster delayed publication of Maurice for 57 years waiting for a time where wider concepts of desire could be exploredRead MoreLabour Riot in Trinindad and Tobago Essay2385 Words   |  10 PagesLabour Riots. It is also classified as a Qualitative Research Project. This study will benefit from the large body of information detailing about the Labour Riot: before, during and after. There are a few draw-backs to this research such as data analysis is often time consuming and it can take more time to collect data as oppose to quantitative research. This study is comprises of writings from by various authors and has been used as reference to help making this study a success. Author BridgetRead MoreRole of Crm in Telecom Sector 5340 Words   |  22 Pagesincrease in repeat business for automobile repair services with customers contacted by phone in a customer satisfaction survey.Personal relations are the important thing for ever and ever, and not this outer life of telegrams and anger.† (E. M. Forster, Howards End, 1910) Frederick Reichheld further developed the importance of building customer commitment in his 1996 book The Loyalty Effect. He focused on the cost of customer defection and set the stage for the problem by claiming† many major corporationsRead Moreâ€Å"Role of Crm in Telecom Sector†5349 Words   |  22 Pagesincrease in repeat business for automobile repair services with customers contacted by phone in a customer satisfaction survey.Personal relations are the important thing for ever and ever, and not this outer life of telegrams and anger.† (E. M. Forster, Howards End, 1910) Frederick Reichheld further developed the importance of building customer commitment in his 1996 book The Loyalty Effect. He focused on the cost of customer defection and set the stage for the problem by claiming† many major corporationsRead MoreManaging the International Value Chain in the Automotive Industry60457 Words   |  242 Pagesfocus areas include cooperation competence, cultural diversity within companies, GermanChinese cooperation, mergers and acquisitions and corporate culture, as well as virtual cooperation. An overview of the project’s publications can be found at the end of this brochure. 7 Authors Stefan Schmid Prof.StefanSchmidholdstheChairof  InternationalManagementandStrategicManagementatESCP-EAPEuropeanSchoolof  ManagementBerlin.Hisresearchfocuseson internationalizationstrategiesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the Long Twentieth Century †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century

Analysis Of Jackson s The Lottery - 899 Words

Analysis of Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† In the story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, we see the different literary elements she uses to unfold her story. Literary elements help readers to interpret and appreciate the works of a writer. In this Essay I will show you the three most prominent literary elements that were used, and how they add to the suspense, and surprise of the story. These literary elements are point of view, theme, and tone and style. The first literary element of this story is the point of view, and how the writer uses a third-person narrative style to tell this story. This gives the writer the ability to give details, but not make any real judgments. When you read the story you feel as if you are there watching what is happening, looking over the shoulders of the crowd, but not able to know what the people are thinking. In this story we get an example of how the writer is detached in a way. We don’t get to know what the characters are feeling just what their actions are telling us, like when they choose to whisper instead of talking at normal volume, or how nervous they seem as the lottery progresses. This writing style leaves little if any room to get attached to a character. This however is a smart move by Jackson, because if the story was told from a villager’s point of view it could have been far less effective. When we read we just read about the events of the lottery unfolding. This narrative point of view adds to the shock factor when we find outShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Shirley Jackson s They Lottery 878 Words   |  4 Pagesstory, â€Å"They Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the absence of tradition can make some uneasy. The story reflects conformity by the villagers with a bizarre ritual that suggests how dangerous tradition can be when people follow it blindly. Every June 27th, the villagers of a quaint town believe the prize of winning an annual lottery is sacrificing one of their own to ensure a good harvest. They are so blasà © about the event they agree to â€Å"get it over with† so they â€Å"can go back to work† (Jackson 92). TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesJackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† Born on December 14, 1916, in San Francisco, California, Shirley Jackson was an American author whose novels and short stories are still relevant today. Jackson grew up in California and moved East with her family when she was 17 years old. She began her college career at the University of Rochester, withdrew for one year to practice her writing skills at home, and then enrolled at Syracuse University in New York. She graduated from Syracuse in 1940. Jackson wrote manyRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery 894 Words   |  4 Pagesinto something magnificent is what author Shirley Jackson achieved with her short story â€Å"The Lottery†. The short story is a brilliant view on tradition. What is normally thought to be a game of joy and winnings is turned into a horrifying ritual that has been blindly executed throughout the years with little reasoning behind it. Though multiple themes tend to arise in stories such as this, the theme â€Å"Fear of changeâ €  is the most obvious idea that Jackson seemed to want to get across to the audience. ThisRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery 880 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson uses irony as a theme to create this almost perfect story where there is an unexpected twist. Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery† is sickening, horrific and intense. This shocking story is about a small town that has all the members’ participate in an annual lottery. Unlike all normal lotteries the winner receives death by stoning rather than a cash prize, as the story advance Tessie places her children in danger to have a better chance at survival. This lottery seems to have no limitRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pages Shirley Jackson is able to convey a deeper understanding of sexism, misogyny, patriarchy, and various gender roles implied by society through the illustration of a corrupt tradition. By breaking down these co re concepts in a way which the reader can better comprehend, both Gayle Whittier and Fritz Oehlschlaeger are able to emphasize misogyny and the unfair treatment of women within the short story â€Å"The Lottery.† The patriarchal society is pronounced in the very first few paragraphs of the taleRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery 1883 Words   |  8 Pagesthe festivities of tradition. Whether it is decorating a tree, lighting up the menorah or preparing for the karamu feast, these events serve as a celebration for the end of the year and preserve their culture. In Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†, the villagers from an unknown town perform an action to preserve their culture. This small, homely and rural area believe that if they commit a certain deed annually, good crops will be bestowed upon them. The event happens on June 27th, at a timeRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jackson s The Lottery, And Kurt Vonnegut Jr. s Harrison Bergeron1604 Words   |  7 PagesA common theme of placing societal influences over personal values and beliefs can be found in Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†, and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.’s â€Å"Harri son Bergeron†. These short stories describe situations in which the citizens allow the superiors to have full control, without thinking twice about the laws and traditions that require their submission. Both of these short stories are similar in theme, because each tells about a community that chooses to participate in cruel and inhumane traditionsRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1438 Words   |  6 PagesWriter Shirley Jackson was born in 1916 in San Francisco, California. Among her early works was The Lottery.Do not be fooled by this name.The Lottery was the highly controversial and famous tale about a village that partakes in an annual death ritual. On June 26, 1948, subscribers to The New Yorker received a new issue of the magazine in the mail. There was nothing to outwardly indicate that it would be any different, or any more special, than any other issue. But inside was a story that editorsRead MoreSymbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay example1173 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people play the lottery today, they think about having wealth. Generally, people who win are happy about it whether they win one dollar or a million. The lottery in our society has grown to support education and it is often worth several million dollars. Usually, the winner of the lottery gains a lot of recognition for the money they win. But what would happen if there was a small town where people held a yearly lottery in which the â€Å"winner† was the member of the town who was not sacrificedRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1534 Words   |  7 Pages Literary Analysis: â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is a short story written in 1948. Due to World War II ending around this time, her story took some strong criticism. The people at that time wanted uplifting stories, and this story is the very opposite because of its underlying theme of tradition and conformity. â€Å"The Lottery† shows that no matter the tradition or belief, people will not stray from their daily routine because humans are creatures of habit

Processes Project Management Methodologies-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Processes Project Management Methodologies? Answer: Introducation Project methodology is the collection of practices, processes, methods and others in the logical manner for accumulating the best output from the successful implementation of the plan. It is the scientific and systematic approach for the execution and completion of project. Project management methodologies: PMBOK guide: It is the methodology which is based on planning, execution, controlling, and termination of the project (Rosa, 2014). It is the collection of the process groups and knowledge areas for retrieving better results. PRINCE2: Projects in controlled environment is used for representing the process driven methods in the private sector. Critical path method: This method is used for defining the activity sequence for longer duration of the project. The work and tasks should be completed within the prescribed scope of the project. The duration of the activities can be estimated by deploying the critical path method. Traditional method or waterfall method: The phases involved in the waterfall methodology are specification of the requirement, designing, construction, integration, debugging and testing, installation, and maintenance. Agile methodology: This method is used delivering the product at the rapid rate to the customers. The outcome is measured for the success of the project. SDLC: The SDLC is the methodology which is derived from the amalgamation of different methodologies together. Each phase of the cycle are associated with the priority. The two chosen methodologies are Agile and PMBOK. The two methodologies are similar to each other with respect to requirement specification, risks identification, quality management, customer participation, communication management, and interrelationship between different modules, and others. The set of rules is followed for managing the project. The changes can be accelerated according to the requirement of the project (Obrutsky, 2016). The difference between the two methodologies is described in the tabular format: Peculiarities Agile method PMBOK method Essentials It is value driven, change driven, and shared value concept It is plan driven and change driven concept Project nature It follows the iterative nature It follows the sequential nature Changes Attitude Changes can be embraced Changes can be controlled Customers involvement Customers should actively participate for setting the requirement specification plan The customers are authorised and authenticated for the approval of the requirement Project requirement plan The detailed structure of the requirement is given in the initial stage of the project The detailed structure of the requirement is given before starting the project Document The documents are not well designed in the agile methodology for future reference (Sliger, 2015) The documents are well-designed in the PMBOK which acts as a guide for future reference Project success The project success can be calculated in terms of final product delivered to the customers The project success can be calculated in terms of matching the final product delivered to the customers and the plan. Advantages The rapid changes can be occurred in the project according to the customer demand The processes are used for identifying the quality of the project. Disadvantages The plan and product delivered can be different It is a costly method Project life cycle and PMBOK The implementation of PMBOK methodology in the completion of project life cycle helps in determining the implementation of scrupulous planning, controlling the project rigorously, clear definition of the roles and responsibilities, communication process is emphasised, and validated products are delivered to the customers. It is the collection of the process groups and knowledge areas for retrieving better results (Fitsilis, 2014). Conclusion: The PMBOK is preferred over other methodologies because it offers a detailed structure and clear formulation of processes involved in achieving the objective of the project. It is the best practice for the administration of the project. References: Sliger, M. (2015).Agile project management and PMBoK guide. Retrieved from https://www.educause.edu/visuals/shared/pd/Agile_project_management.pdf Fitsilis, P. (2014).Comparing PMBOK and agile project management software development process. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/2953419/Comparing_PMBOK_and_Agile_Project_Management_software_development_processes Rosa, T. (2014).Agile and traditional methodologies: An investigation in the light of experience. Retrieved from https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2014/december/5_Agile.pdf Obrutsky, S. (2016).Comparison and contrast of project management methodologies. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305969672_Comparison_and_contrast_of_project_management_methodologies_PMBOK_and_SCRU

Washington Square Essays - Getting Married Today, Lyon Hunter

Washington Square Im depressed. Well, how could I not be? I just finished reading Washington Square. Im happy its over, but Im not happy I finished it. No, that doesnt make sense does it? Lets just say, I had a feeling how it was going to end up; I just hoped that I would be wrong. Unfortunately the one time I didnt want to be right I was. Isnt that the way it always works? I guess so. Catherine, dear plain old, Catherine. Poor girl, father thinks shes plain, she thinks shes plain, her aunt thinks shes plain, even the man who she thinks loves her thinks shes plain. Although James erases this thought in the beginning of the book I still believe it, plain equals ugly. I feel so bad for her but I guess you had to have what happened to her happen, or else we wouldnt have such a depressing story. I tell you though, Im glad my daddy isnt rich or I would swear off guys as well. I felt so horrible when I knew before her what Morris was like. Which brings me to Morris Townsend. Hes a rat, I smelt a rat from the beginning but I figured it was just because for me guys for the most part are always rats. But of course he was after her money, she was plain and her father was rich no her father wasnt rich. By god he was rich. So Catherines got a big dowry, lots of money, but shes plain. Oh, well the money will compensate. This shows you the kind of man he is. Well at least it erases the theory that women are gold diggers. James makes the reader dislike Catherines father. He makes him seem like an insensitive uncaring prick, but I really dont think he is. Yes I know parents are supposed to think that their child is the most beautiful thing in the world but hey, that theorys over rated. Its not that he didnt love his daughter; he just knew the truth. He was realistic about the entire idea of this strikingly handsome man falling head over heals in love with his daughter who isnt the greatest looking chick in the world. Something doesnt quite fit. But its a known fact that children never believe what their parents say. Who trusts the person whos had more experience in life? Where would the sense be in that? Although he had a funny way of showing it, Catherines father truly cared for her. Well weve already established that shes not going to listen to his better judgment, but still, it didnt help that she had an aunt who believed in Cinderella and Prince Charming fairy tales. Her aunt is a quack. James doesnt go so far as to say this much but thats what she is. She believes that everyone will find love. All shes trying to do is live vicariously through her niece. Her father says, All he wants is your money she says, no he wants your heart and all that other mushy stuff. Her father really is a smart man. He knew from the start that his sister was going to cause this kind of trouble. He was right. Its hard enough that shes in love with a scumbag, but shes got one saying hes rotten and the other saying hes perfect. Instead of ending up alone at the end she shouldve ended in an asylum. Hell, I know that would drive me crazy. Hmm lets see . . .whos got the problem. Catherine maybe? Yes I think Ill go with Catherine. Catherine is torn between the cultural forces that would have her marry into elite society, when shes in love with someone she can never have-in this case a handsome young man who wants her only for her money. Of course she doesnt know this yet but she will. The poor girl. Her father forbids her to marry Morris. Having a father disapprove of the man you love is a hard thing. Still loving the man your father disapproves of is even harder. Then later finding out that the man youd been fighting for wouldnt have done the same for you

The Redemption of Jean Val Jean in Les Mis essays

The Redemption of Jean Val Jean in Les Mis essays You no longer belong to evil, but to good. It is your soul I am buying for you. I withdraw it from the dark thoughts and from the spirit of perdition, and I give it to God! (Hugo, 30) This dramatic statement uttered by the bishop, Magloire in Victor Hugos Les Misrables , pierced though the many coarse protective outer layers of Jean Valjean, awakening his slumbering soul. The bishops overall kindness and magnanimity after nineteen years of abuse in the galley sends Valjean into a shock. A multitude of new sensations (30) fill his powerful body as his conscience stretches and yawns ; awakening from nearly two decades of hibernation. Emotions courses through him so strong, he broke down weeping violently, the first salty tears his cheeks had felt in years. A single night with the saintly bishop Magloire catalyzes Valjeans soul to revive. This marks the beginning of a long journey to rediscover himself; the true Jean Valjean hiding beneath his coarse appearance. This rebirth o ccurs in several stages, each stage a accompanied by a pseudonym, until the end when he acts under his original name Jean Valjean, a completely altered man. Jean Valjean grows from a hardened convict in the beginning, to a judicial mayor, a compassionate father, a war hero, to an almost saint like reinvention of himself willing to sacrifice everything. A man with a knapsack and a rope and a terrible-looking face (12) is the original image of Jean Valjean the reader is first acquainted with. This wretched appearance (6) is the result of a lifetime of poverty followed by nineteen years of horror and abuse as a galley slave. So long he goes without any intimate relationships the only emotion known to him is the will to survive. He displays shame over who he is. Nineteen years of hard labor hardened and dehumanized him so; he does not deem himsel ...

Business research project proposal--Irish Guinness Beer Proposal

Business project --Irish Guinness Beer - Research Proposal Example h popularity that studying it more closely would make sense as part of discovering other important factors that have contributed to business success of a firm. Guinness is definitely one of the companies with a strong market reputation and was meant to survive before and until today. Guinness remarkably from the start was able to clearly follow the path of consistency. It was remarkable that it started everything with a good marketing strategy and a management system that were passed on from generation to generation. Guinness started with Arthur Guinness and now his bloodline is responsible for continuing the company to be known worldwide. Effective marketing strategies may vary from one company to another. There are many factors that need to be considered in identifying which among the marketing strategies best suited the concerned company. Factors such as people, procedure, and budget played its respective roles in developing an appropriate marketing tool to be utilized. It is of interest now on how certain brands of Guinness can gain certain market share in the future considering a tough competition at present. It is of interest whether there is still a great chance for the new entrants which are willing to take the plunge into competition. Considering that a certain brands and products need to ensure production with quality and a sound management on sales, it is of interest on how can then the new entrants as well as existing company ensure their survival in a very challenging competition. It is also of great concern that to start penetrating the market, the new entrants need to ensure modern high quality of products. It is then the objective of this paper to answer the main research question. The above are all research questions this study is aiming to answer. In doing so, the proponent will take much effort in understanding the four marketing mix such as products, price, promotion and place to understand the process of survival that every entrant and key

Organic Chemistry Intro. to Radical Halogenation, Thermodynamics, Assignment

Organic Chemistry Intro. to Radical Halogenation, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Radical Halogenation Cont., Alkyl halides - Assignment Example At this state, injection of energy is needed to shift the reaction. The shifting takes place from a stable state to a state where it converts and reacts to conform to other products. In contrary, thermodynamic reactions are more stable in a product’s state. This is as a result of instant occurrence of the reaction that causes shifts in the reaction without injection of any energy. Consequently, a substance whose stability is kinetic would crave to remain in the reactant form. Thermodynamically stable substances need energy for conversion from products to reactants unlike kinetic which needs the energy to shift a reaction forward. It can be therefore concluded that thermodynamic and kinetic reactions uses energy for different purposes. For instance, thermodynamic reactions need energy to move from an opposite state compared to kinetic reactions that required energy to shift forward. 2. Draw the mechanism and all possible products for A simple format for the mechanism Applying t he above concept will help you to draw the mechanism as below. Termination overall reaction 3. What type of reaction is this? Radical reaction. 4. What is the major organic product for the reaction, please explain why in details? 2-bromo-2-methylbutane The reason behind this is that in the radical halogenations, bromine is more selective but less reactive than chlorine. Consequently, in case there is a formation of a radical at one chiral centre, then the product will be racemic. The process shows that the radical is planar having equal forces. Bromine sticks itself to a tertiary carbon of degree 3 to structure into a main product. A radical of bromine adds a more stable carbon of degree three to alkanes. 5. Using the bond energies posted or in the textbook, calculates the ?HÂ ° for the reactions providing each product above. Do these values support your answer in question? What other factors must be taken into account? Initiation Br-Br 2Br ?HÂ °=192 k j/mol From the above reactio ns, 1) ?HÂ °= ? products- ? reactants = (368+343)- 343 = 368 Kj/mol 2) ?HÂ °= ? products- ? reactants = 272 -(343 + 192) = -263Kj/mol Overall enthalpy = 368- 263 =+105Kj/mol Second product 3. ?HÂ °? products- ? reactants (343+368) – (343) = 368 kj/mol 4. ?HÂ °= ? products- ? reactants = (272) – (343+192) = -263 Kj/mol Overall= 368 – 263= 105 Kj/mol The other product in this level of propagation reaction repeats itself. This confirms that the ?HÂ °= ? products- ? reactants remains constant showing that the major organic product is that of question 4 above. Since bromine experience an endothermic reaction, weakly bounded hydrogens are only removed by bromine from carbon atoms they are bonded to. The reaction between 2 – methylbutane and bromine mostly gives 2 – bromo – 2 – methylbutane and a few secondary bromides without primary bromides. The other factors that must be taken into account are pressure, temperature and catalyst. Tem perature affects this reaction if it is either decreased or increased. If temperature of this reaction is increased, the rate of this reaction increases and if it is lowered the rate of reaction decreases. A catalyst can either increase or decrease reaction depending on the type. There are those catalysts that slow down reaction rate and there are those that increases reaction rate. Lastly, for enthalpy to occur there should be constant pressure. There

Prrple Latifolia Essay Example for Free

Prrple Latifolia Essay The benefits of the soap go far beyond its basic purpose. Lavender is a plant that has long been used for a number of medical purposes. Lavender soap is a wonderful way to wash away the day. With its soft sweet fragrance it is great for soothing the mind and body. This soap has ingredients that can help in skin, like lime of calamansi that has benefit that when rub on dry or scaly skin can restores and add moisture to the skin. Also the purpose of this project is to know the other people that it can do soap that have all in one with Insect repellant and whitening extract. B. Result With the use of our product, we will be able to make a cheap but effective soap that can alleviate the need to buy products like lotion and repellants. Chapter 1: Background of the study At the start of the school year, Our chemistry teacher, Mrs. Grace Ababat, told us to find an Innovative Investigatory project that can help the community. Our group researched and found out that all soaps, at present, doesn’t have collective effects. Soaps mostly just have a few effects, such as whitening, germ-protecting, Etc and special soaps have only one single effect. When used for cleaning, soaps allows otherwise insoluble particles to become soluble in water and then rinsed away. For example: oil/fat insoluble in water, but when a couple of drops of dish soap are added to the mixture, the oil/fat apparently disappears. The insoluble oil/fat molecules become associated inside micelles, tiny spheres formed from soap molecules with polar hydrophilic (water-loving) groups on the outsides and encasing a lipophilic (fat-loving) pocket, which shields the oil/fat molecules from the water making it soluble. Anything that is soluble will be washed away with the water. Synthetic detergents operate by similar mechanisms to soap. Soap for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule of glycerol. Soap making companies, nowadays, remove Glycerol and sells it as a ingredient to cosmetics Soaps, Insect repellant, lotions, ETC. are now getting rather expensive. If you buy all of them then the price will range from P250-350 just to get all-natural all-in-one soap that will alleviate the need for anyone to buy other products, beside soap, just to get certain effects. Objectives Our main objective, to able to do a soap product that will alleviate the need to buy expensive products like lotion and insect repellant just to get their effects. Statement of problem 1. Will the soap alleviate the need to buy products like lotions and insect repellants? 2. Will soap provide all the effects it is supposed to? Hypotheses 1. Yes it will. It will provide for the effects product like lotions and insects repellants provide. 2. Yes. It has been proven through real-world testing among the members of our group. Significance of the study Money is a luxury people just done have. When someone need something, like insect repellent, it will cost money. Our Investigatory project’s significance is that it will have the effects of other products and the effects that most soaps don’t have. With this, it will able to save money and save time. Definition of terms Lavender Latifolia- Mediterranean plant with pale purple flowers that yields spike lavender oil. Lye- A strongly alkaline solution, especially of potassium hydroxide, used for washing or cleansing. Calamansi- A sour fruit of this plant, resembling a small tangerine and sometimes used as a flavoring or for beverage, sauces or marmalades. Coconut oil- is an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). It has various applications in food, medicine and industry. Vegetable oil- A vegetable oil is a triglyceride extracted from a plant. Such oils have been part of human culture for millennia. The term â€Å"vegetable oil† can be narrowly defined as referring only to substance that are liquid at room temperature. For this reason, vegetable oils that are solid at room temperature are sometimes called vegetable fats. Hydrogenated- to treat with hydrogen-is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst. The process is commonly employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. Purple- Color of the Lavender latifolia Chapter 2: Introduction Lavender oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from the flower spikes of certain species of lavender. Lavender is used for restlessness, insomnia, nervousness and depression. It is also used for variety of digestive complaints including meteorism (abdominal swelling from gas in the intestinal or peritoneal cavity), loss of appetite, vomiting, nausea, intestinal gas (flatulence), and upset stomach. Some people use lavender for painful conditions including migraine headaches, toothaches, sprains, nerves pain, sores, and joint pain. It is also used for acne and cancer, and to promote menstruation. Lavender is applied to the skin for hair loss (alopecia areata) and pain, and to repel mosquitoes and other insects. Lavender oil, which has long been used in the production of perfume, can be used in aromatherapy. The scent has a calming effect which may aid in relaxation and the reduction of anxiety and stress. In our investigatory project, this is our main ingredient. Our Ingredients also include Calamansi. It has been proven that calamansi can remove odor and gradually whiten the skin. We used a little black pepper because it is a very effective insect repellant. Our Investigatory project only include all natural products so it is not harmful to animals, plants , humans and the environment. Chapter 1 Background to the study At the start of the school year, Our Chemistry teacher, Mrs. Grace Ababat, Told us to find an Innovative Investigatory project that can help the community. Our group researched and found out that all soaps, at present, doesn’t have collective effects. Soaps mostly just have a few effects, such as whitening, germ-protecting, ETC, and special soaps have only one single effect. When used for cleaning, soap allows otherwise insoluble particles to become soluble in water and then be rinsed away. For example: oil/fat is insoluble in water, but when a couple of drops of dish soap are added to the mixture, the oil/fat apparently disappears. The insoluble oil/fat molecules become associated inside micelles, tiny spheres formed from soap molecules with polar hydrophilic (water-loving) groups on the outside and encasing a lipophilic (fat-loving) pocket, which shields the oil/fat molecules from the water making it soluble. Anything that is soluble will be washed away with the water. Synthetic detergents operate by similar mechanisms to soap. Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides; three molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single molecule of glycerol. Methodology Our product, Purple Latifolia, is an all-natural all-in-one soap. It will alleviate the need to buy product like lotion and insect repellants because it will provide for the effects that those products. Our product can protect the skin from bacteria, alleviate migraine, restlessness, insomnia, nervousness, headaches, toothaches, sprains, nerve pain, sores, and joint pain, repel mosquitoes and other insects, whiten the skin, relieve insomnia, pain, and agitation , heal the skin and few other effects. Latifolia means â€Å"works best in water† so our soap’s effects can be optimized with water. Source of Data The population which constituted sample as respondents in this study consists (8) third year high school students at Sto. Rosario Montessori School, Valenzuela City, during School year 2013-2014. Data Gathering and Instruments The following instruments are needed in making a soap: *Thermometer *Cups *Soap Molds *Pan *Stir *Gas stove or any kinds or stove By using this materials you can do a presentable soap. Treatment/General Procedure Mixture of Lye and water 1. Measure the water, 4oz. The measure of the lye should be half of the measure of the water. 2. Pour the lye to the water (always this way, it might explode the other way around. Mix well till it is 100 degrees farenheit) Mixture of all ingredient to become soap 1. While doing the mixture of the lye and water, first you must set the stove to 100 fahrenheit. 2. Put the oil in the stove and wait till the oil is again 100 degrees F. 3. Mix them together (mixture of lye and water) till it has a soapy texture. 4. Put the 2oz of lavender oil, the 1oz of coconut oil and lime of calamnsi. 5. After you mix everything and reach to become it soapy texture, pour it in the soap mold and let it cure (cure period depends on the quantity) Materials needed: Lavender Oil (2oz) Coconut Oil (1oz) Vegetable Oil (6oz) Lye (2oz) Pan Gas range, gas stove or griller Water (4oz) Calamansi extract (squeeze atleast 2 calamnsi Soap molder Chapter 3: Data Analysis # of trials Quantitative Qualitative First Try 4 oz of water 1 oz of lye 6 oz of vegetable oil 7. 5 ml of lavender oil 7. 5ml of coconut oil Failed Texture: Becomes oily Smell: Blending odor of lavender oil and coconut oil Color: Light green Second Try 8 oz of vegetable oil 2g of lye 2oz of water Food coloring 1 teaspoon of black pepper Failed Texture: Not yet mold Smell: Rusty odor Color: Black Fourth Try 4 oz of water 2 oz of lye 6 oz of vegetable oil 2oz of lavender oil Success Texture: It becomes mold Smell: Lavender Color: white Last Try 4 oz of water 2 oz of lye 6 oz of vegetable oil 2oz of lavender oil 1oz of coconut oil Success Texture: It becomes hard Smell: like Lavender Color: White Result The result after the trials, the soap is improving. Even if it’s hard to do, it reached the success in doing it. Just to prove to others that it can discover a soap that has all-in-one soap that has whitening extract and insect repellant that will become effective. Finally it can promote to others. Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendation This is all-natural product have the capability to help the community through alleviating the need to buy and use expensive product like lotion and insect repellant because it already has their effects. It will be an affordable substitute. Based on the conclusion, the following were recommended: Always follow the extract measurements Always follow the procedure accurately The materials are always clean Be careful in handling Lye Be mindful at the temperature

Sex Offenders- Four Domains of Criminogenic Needs Assessment Essay

This essay begins with the introduction of the Risk-Needs-Responsivitiy Model which was developed to assess offending and offer effective rehabilitation and treatment (Andrews & Bonta, 2007). The R-N-R model â€Å"remains the only empirically validated guide for criminal justice interventions that aim to help offenders† (Polashek, 2012, p.1) consisting of three principles which are associated with reductions in recidivism of up to 35% (Andrew & Bonta, 2010); risk, need and responsivity. Firstly, the risk principle predicts the offenders risk level of reoffending based on static and dynamic factors, and then matched to the degree of intervention needed. Secondly, the R-N-R targets individual’s criminogenic needs, in relation to dynamic factors. Lastly, the responsivity principle responds to specific responsivity e.g. individual needs and general responsivity; rehabilitation provided on evidence-based programming (Vitopoulous et al, 2012). This R-N-R model will be used to assess the case of Jamie Wilson, focusing on the assessment of his criminogenic needs in relation to his offence, as changing these dynamic factors can reduce the probability of recidivism (Andrew & Bonta, 2010). Furthermore, this essay will consider the risk and responsivity in regards to Jamie Wilson’s case. Jamie aged 27, has been convicted of a rape of a child and sentenced to eight years custody. The victim aged 12, was approached by Jamie on the way home from school and sexually assaulted. Jamie has no previous convictions of this type; however he has convictions for shop-theft, drinking and driving with no insurance. The needs principle of the R-N-R consists of four domains of criminogenic needs as discussed below. The first domain deviant sexual interest ... ...on And Violent Behaviour, 5(5), 491-507. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00036-6 Weldon, S., & Gilchrist, E. (2012). Implicit Theories in Intimate Partner Violence Offenders. Journal Of Family Vioence, 27(8), 761-772. doi:10.1007/s10896-012-9465-x Witt, P., Greenfield, D., & Hiscox, S. (2008). Cognitive/behavioural approaches to the treatment adult sex offenders. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 36(2), 245-269, retrieved from EBSCOhost Worling, J .(2012). The assessment and treatment of deviant sexual arousal with adolescents who have offended sexually. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 18(1), 36-63. doi: 10.1080/13552600.2011.630152 Worling, J. (2006). Assessing Sexual Arousal with Adolescent Males Who Have Offended Sexually: Self- Report and Unobtrusively Measured Viewing Time. Sexual Abuse: A Journal Of Research & Treatment, 18(4), 383-400. doi: 10.1007/s11194-006-9024-1

Research Paper on Stereotype Threat

Stereotype Threat in a High Stakes Testing Environment Jennifer J. Krebs Wilkes University Abstract Given the rapidly changing demographics of today’s classrooms combined with the high-stakes testing environment created by the passage of No Child Left Behind, it is important to understand potential explanations for the persistence of achievement gaps. Explanations for the achievement gap have included high populations of English Language Learners (ELLs), socioeconomic issues, lack of resources at the school, teacher, and student levels, and even inherent differences in the intellectual abilities of stereotyped and non-stereotyped groups.A theory developed by Steele and Aronson, called stereotype threat, provided a radical view into how knowledge of stereotypes affects performance (McKown & Strambler, 2009). Stereotype threat is the experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group. The pur pose of this research was to determine how and when children begin to develop knowledge of stereotypes and how stereotype threat affects academic performance. IntroductionThe diversity of student demographics increases every day. Therefore, teachers must be increasingly more aware of the cultural differences and challenges that students from diverse backgrounds bring to school. Not only are these students likely to learn differently based on their cultural expectations, but these students are also likely to possess knowledge of commonly held social stereotypes which can negatively impact their performance (McKown & Strambler, 2009). The current emphasis on high-stakes testing makes the achievement of all students extremely important.Experimental research into performance gaps was limited prior to a groundbreaking study that focused on the possibility of stereotype threat. First described by social psychologist Claude Steele and his colleagues, stereotype threat (ST) has been shown t o reduce the performance of individuals who belong to negatively stereotyped groups (McKown & Strambler, 2009). Since its introduction into the academic literature in 1995, stereotype threat has become one of the most widely studied topics in the field of psychology.However, a major assumption of this theory was that children possess knowledge of commonly held social stereotypes. In order to address this assumption, the following qualitative studies were implemented to determine how and when children begin to develop knowledge of stereotypes. This research is combined with quantitative studies to determine how ST affects academic performance. Method Schaffer and Skinner (2009) examined student interactions within four fourth grade classrooms at a diverse public school in the southeastern United States.Upon observing student interactions and conducting interviews, the researchers discovered several patterns. First, white children were less likely to engage in explicit race talk, whil e black students frequently engaged in openly racial discussions and often used commonly held stereotypes to identify themselves. Second, most minority students who performed at the high end of the class and participated in challenging academic programs relied heavily on racial stereotypes to bridge the social gap between themselves and their racial peers.These students sought to distance themselves from the white students with whom they took advanced classes. Third, white students were more likely to describe students of other races as â€Å"loud† or â€Å"troublemaking† (Schaffer & Skinner, 2009). These observations suggest that students were not only aware of commonly held stereotypes, but strategically used them to organize their social world and dictate social functions. Another study, which examined high school students, suggested that these trends continue as students mature rather than diminish. Lisa M.Nunn (2011) observed six classrooms across three different high schools, and conducted 57 interviews with students to determine the ways in which students’ classroom interactions reflected ideas about commonly held stereotypes. In one school, nearly half of the students interviewed said that race matters for school success. At another school, students expressed frustration with being racial targets and felt they had done nothing to provoke degrading views from their classmates. Furthermore, in a remedial English classroom consisting of eight students, the researcher noticed a ommon occurrence. Five of the students in this classroom were Latino, and three were white. The white students all had learning disabilities which hindered their language usage, while the Latino students’ only handicap was that English was not their native language (Nunn, 2011). Combining ELLs with students with disabilities effectively treats the native language of ELLs as a learning disability. Between the racial views of the students and the systematic reinforcement of prejudices, it is easy to understand why students tend to hold views that race matters for success.The question that remains is how does this knowledge of stereotypes affect student academic performance? McKown and Strambler (2009) conducted a study of 124 students ranging in age from grades K-4 in a suburban Chicago area. The students were given a series of vignettes to determine their ability to identify stereotypes and then placed in diagnostic or non-diagnostic groups to complete performance tasks. Consistent with prior research, minority participants in the diagnostic group performed worse than in the non-diagnostic group; and majority participants performed equally well in both groups (McKown & Strambler, 2009).Desert, Preaux, and Jund (2009) administered Raven’s APM to 153 children within first and third grades. In the diagnostic group, students were given the standard administration instructions as provided in the Raven’s APM Administration Ma nual. In the non-diagnostic group, students were given instructions explaining that the test was actually a series of games that the researchers developed and were testing to determine their appropriateness for the students’ age groups.Researchers stratified the results based on socioeconomic status, arguing that negative stereotypes about the performance of low-SES students could result in ST. The results of the study showed that low-SES students in the diagnostic group performed significantly worse than those in the non-diagnostic group. The performance of high SES students did not differ significantly among the two groups (Desert, Preaux, & Jund, 2009). These results suggested that children in the early elementary years are not immune to ST, even on a test that is supposed to be culture free. While all of these experiments support he theory of ST, one of the strongest arguments to date relies heavily on developing technologies. Derks, Inzlicht, and Kang (2008) offered an o verview of breakthroughs in social neuroscience research that highlighted biological factors underlying conditions of stereotype threat. The researchers discussed several experiments that used functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and event-related potentials (ERP) to measure the neurological activities of participants when asked to perform tasks under diagnostic and non-diagnostic conditions.One study tested women under mathematical performance stereotypes and found that the conflict monitoring systems of the brain showed a mis-regulation of neural responses. This information supported the hypothesis that emotions aroused by ST conditions lead to a decrease in cognitive ability. The decrease in ability occurred because emotion-regulation centers of the brain experienced increased activity while areas of the brain associated with academic performance and cognition experienced decreased activity. The researchers cautioned that neuroscience expe riments in the area are too new to allow for generalizations and definitive findings.However, they argued that development of this area is crucial to the study and understanding of stereotype threat (Derks, Inzlicht, & Kang, 2008). Results The assumption that the performance gap between stereotyped and non-stereotyped groups is solely rooted in cultural differences and limitations of students’ background is restrictive. Research has shown that there is also a factor of social psychological threat related to knowledge and perceptions of stereotypes, which can depress test scores of stereotyped individuals.The use of high-stakes testing in an overall environment of racial inequality perpetuates that inequality through the emotional and psychological power of the tests over the test-takers. While researchers have begun to delve into the intricacies as to how stereotype threat causes decreases in performance and other negative effects, there is still much research that needs to b e conducted in order to completely understand the mechanisms that underlie the performance deficits that occur as a result of stereotype threat. ConclusionIn conclusion, stereotype threat is a pervasive phenomenon that has the ability to impact a variety of individuals in a number of ways. Current research offers us insight as to what stereotype threat is, how it impacts individuals, what mechanisms drive the relationship between stereotype threat and performance, and how we can begin to remediate some of the damaging impacts of this threat. Since the current emphasis on high-stakes testing does not appear to be diminishing, teachers and mentors should at a minimum equip students with knowledge about the possible effects of stereotype threat.In this way, proactive strategies might transform a powerless situation into one where students are actively participating in discussions that illuminate the complexities and strengths of their educational futures. Teacher education programs sho uld review their course curriculum and address any gaps in the discussion of standardized testing and methods to improve test scores. Changing test directions from diagnostic to non-diagnostic, educating students in malleable intelligence theories, and reducing the general stress of the testing environment are all methods which could be implemented.References Derks, B. , Inzlicht, M. , & Kang, S. (2008). The neuroscience of stigma and stereotype threat. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(2), 163-181. Desert, M. , Preaux, M. , & Jund, R. (2009). So young and already victims of stereotype threat: Socio-economic status and performance of 6 to 9 years old children on Raven’s progressive matrices. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24, 207-218. McKown, C. & Strambler, M. J. (2009).Developmental antecedents and social academic consequences of stereotype-consciousness in middle childhood. Child Development, 80, 1643-1659. Nunn, L. (2011). Classrooms as racialized s paces: Dynamics of collaboration, tension, and student attitudes in urban and suburban high schools. Urban Education, 46, 1226-1255. Schaffer, R. & Skinner, D. G. (2009). Performing race in four culturally diverse fourth grade classrooms: Silence, race talk, and the negotiation of social boundaries. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 40, 277-296.

Zimmermann Telegram in World War I

The Zimmermann Telegram was a diplomatic note sent by the German Foreign Office to Mexico in January 1917 which proposed a military alliance between the two nations should the United States enter World War I (1914-1918) on the side of the Allies. In return for the alliance, Mexico would receive financial assistance from Germany as well as could reclaim territory lost during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) (1846-1848). The Zimmermann Telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British who in turn shared it with the United States. The release of the telegram in March further inflamed the American public and contributed to the American declaration of war the following month. Background In 1917, As World War I ground on, Germany began assessing options for striking a decisive blow. Unable to break the British blockade of the North Sea with its surface fleet, the German leadership elected to return to a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. This approach, whereby German U-boats would attack merchant shipping without warning, had been briefly used in 1916 but was abandoned after strong protests by the United States. Believing that Britain could be quickly crippled if its supply lines to North America were severed, Germany prepared to re-implement this approach effective February 1, 1917. Concerned that the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare could bring the United States into the war on the side of the Allies, Germany began making contingency plans for this possibility. To this end, German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann was instructed to seek a military alliance with Mexico in the event of war with the United States. In return for attacking the United States, Mexico was promised the return of territory lost during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), including Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, as well as substantial financial assistance. German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann. Public Domain Transmission As Germany lacked a direct telegraph line to North America, the Zimmermann Telegram was transmitted over American and British lines. This was permitted as President Woodrow Wilson allowed the Germans to transmit under the cover of U.S. diplomatic traffic in hopes that he could remain in touch with Berlin and broker a lasting peace. Zimmermann sent the original coded message to Ambassador Johann von Bernstorff on January 16, 1917. Receiving the telegram, he forwarded it on to Ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt in Mexico City via commercial telegraph three days later. Mexican Response After reading the message, von Eckardt approached the government of President Venustiano Carranza with the terms. He also asked Carranza to aid in forming an alliance between Germany and Japan. Listening to the German proposal, Carranza instructed his military to determine the feasibility of the offer. In assessing a possible war with the United States, the military determined that it largely lacked the capability to re-take the lost territories and that German financial assistance would be useless as the United States was the only significant arms producer in the Western Hemisphere. President Venustiano Carranza of Mexico. Public Domain Furthermore, additional arms could not be imported as the British controlled the sea lanes from Europe. As Mexico was emerging from a recent civil war, Carranza sought to improve relations with the United States as well as other nations in the region such as Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. As a result, it was determined to decline the German offer. An official response was issued to Berlin on April 14, 1917, stating that Mexico had no interest in allying with the German cause. British Interception As the ciphertext of the telegram was transmitted through Britain, it was immediately intercepted by British code breakers who were monitoring traffic originating in Germany. Sent to the Admiraltys Room 40, code breakers found that it was encrypted in cipher 0075, which they had partially broken. Decoding parts of the message, they were able to develop an outline of its content. Realizing that they possessed a document that could compel the United State to join the Allies, the British set about developing a plan that would allow them to unveil the telegram without giving away that they were reading neutral diplomatic traffic or that they had broken German codes. To deal with the first issue, they were able to correctly guess that the telegram was sent over commercial wires from Washington to Mexico City. In Mexico, British agents were able to obtain a copy of the ciphertext from the telegraph office. This was encrypted in cipher 13040, which the British had captured a copy of in the Middle East. As a result, by mid-February, British authorities had the complete text of the telegram. To deal with the code breaking issue, the British publicly lied and claimed they had been able to steal a decoded copy of the telegram in Mexico. They ultimately alerted the Americans to their code breaking efforts and Washington elected to back the British cover story. On February 19, 1917, Admiral Sir William Hall, the head of Room 40, presented a copy of the telegram to the secretary of the U.S. Embassy, Edward Bell.​​ Stunned, Hall initially believed the telegram to be a forgery but passed it on to Ambassador Walter Hines Page the next day. On February 23, Page met with Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour and was shown the original ciphertext as well as the message in both German and English. The next day, the telegram and verifying details were presented to Wilson. Ambassador Walter Hines Page. Library of Congress American Response News of the Zimmermann Telegram was quickly released and stories about its contents appeared in the American press on March 1. While pro-German and anti-war groups claimed that it was a forgery, Zimmermann confirmed the telegrams contents on March 3 and March 29. Further inflaming the American public, which was angered over the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare (Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany on February 3 over this issue) and the sinking SS Houstonic (February 3) and SS California (February 7), the telegram further pushed the nation towards war. On April 2, Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. This was granted four days later and the United States entered the conflict. Zimmermann Telegram in World War I The Zimmermann Telegram was a note sent in 1917 from the German Foreign Minister Zimmermann to his ambassador in Mexico, containing details of a proposed alliance against America; it was intercepted and published, strengthening US public support for war against Germany as part of World War One. The Background By 1917 the conflict we call The First World War had been raging for over two years, drawing in troops from Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, and Australasia, although the main battles were in Europe. The main belligerents were, on one side, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires (the Central Powers) and, on the other, the British, French and Russian Empires (the Entente or Allies). The war had been expected to last just a few months in 1914, but the conflict had dragged on in a stalemate of trenches and massive death tolls, and all sides in the war were looking for any advantage they could gain. The Zimmermann Telegram Sent through a supposedly secure channel devoted to peace negotiations (a transatlantic cable belonging to Scandinavia) on January 19th, 1917, the Zimmermann Telegram – often called the Zimmermann Note — was a memo sent from the German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Ambassador to Mexico. It informed the ambassador that Germany would be resuming its policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW) and, crucially, ordered him to propose an alliance. If Mexico would join in a war against the US, they would be rewarded with financial support and re-conquered land in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The ambassador was also to ask the Mexican President to propose his own alliance to Japan, a member of the Allies. Why Did Germany Send the Zimmermann Telegram? Germany had already stopped and started USW — a program of sinking any shipping coming near their enemies in an attempt to starve them of food and materials — because of fierce US opposition. Americas official neutrality involved trading with all belligerents, but in practice, this meant the Allies and their Atlantic coastlines rather than Germany, who suffered from a British blockade. Consequently, US shipping was frequently a victim. In practice, the US was giving the UK aid which had prolonged the war. The German high command knew renewed USW would probably cause the US to declare war on them, but they gambled on shutting Britain down before an American army could arrive in force. The alliance with Mexico and Japan, as proposed in the Zimmermann Telegram, was intended to create a new Pacific and Central American Front, greatly distracting the US and aiding the German war effort. Indeed, after USW resumed the US severed diplomatic relations with Germany and began debating an entry into the war. The Leak However, the secure channel wasnt secure at all: British intelligence intercepted the telegram and, recognizing the effect it would have on US public opinion, released it to America on February 24th, 1917. Some accounts claim the US State Department was also illegally monitoring the channel; either way, US President Wilson saw the note on the 24th. It was released to the world press on March 1st. Reactions to the Zimmermann Telegram Mexico and Japan immediately denied having anything to do with the proposals (indeed, the Mexican President was content at a recent American withdrawal from his country and Germany could offer little beyond moral support), while Zimmermann admitted the Telegrams authenticity on March 3rd. It had often been asked why Zimmermann came right out and fully admitted things instead of pretending otherwise. Despite Germanys complaint that the Allies had been wiretapping secure peace networks, the US public — still concerned at Mexicos intentions following trouble between the two — was aghast. A vast majority reacted to both the Note, and weeks of growing anger at USW, by backing war against Germany. However, the note itself did not provoke the US into joining the war. Things might have stayed as they were, but then Germany made the mistake which cost them the war and restarted Unrestricted Submarine Warfare again. When the American Congress approved Wilsons decision to declare war on April 6th in reaction to this, there was just 1 vote against. Full Text of The Zimmermann Telegram On the first of February, we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement. You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months. Zimmerman (Sent January 19, 1917)